The Barboza-Alcaniz EoS parametrization has been considered and its $q$-parametrization has been investigated in search for a thermodynamic motivation. For this, we have studied the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics as well as the thermodynamic equilibrium considering the cosmological apparent horizon as the boundary. Also, an expression for the particle creation rate has been obtained in terms of $q$ assuming an adiabatic particle creation scenario and its behavior has been studied for consistency during various phases of evolution of the Universe as suggested by various thermodynamic arguments found in the literature.

This paper is concerned with presenting and analyzing a new technique for solving time fractional telegraph equation. This technique is based on applying the spectral Galerkin method that depends on choosing an appropriate basis functions satisfying the underlying boundary conditions. A double shifted Legendre expansion is proposed as an approximating polynomial. A careful study for the convergence and error analysis of the suggested approximate double expansion is performed. Some numerical results are provided aiming to ensure the efficiency and applicability of the proposed algorithm.

We study temporal coherence of individual optical supercontinuum generated by femtosecond pulses in various types of materials, unlike a large number of papers, in which the coherence of independently generated supercontinua is usually investigated. Moreover, we do not use the degree of coherence as a coherence parameter, instead we use the coherence time, the knowledge of which is important in such applications as optical coherence tomography and optical communication systems. The mathematical model used allows to work directly with real fields, rather than envelopes, which makes it possible to calculate the interference signal directly. We demonstrate the dependence of spectral supercontinuum coherence time on different parameters of input pulse. Increasing of the central wavelength causes the coherence time to reduce in the region of normal group velocity dispersion of the medium. We show theoretically and by terms of numerical simulation that this feature can be explained by the fact that supercontinuum coherence time in this region depends on its coefficient of the phase modulation. There is a pronounced peak of the coherence time when frequency of the input pulse is close to a zero of the group velocity dispersion. This peak corresponds to the soliton-like structure formation. Decreasing of the initial pulse duration leads to the growth of the peak width. Increasing of the intensity reduces the coherence time value on the entire wavelength range. Thanks to the ability to work with real fields we determine the contribution of individual temporal substructures to the total coherence time of the supercontinuum, generated in the region of zero and anomalous dispersion. We found that the coherence time of the supercontinuum can significantly exceed, as well as can be less than the coherence time of the initial pulse.

We propose a coherent mathematical model for laser processing of crystalline solids when temperature variation is not very large. In fact, we treat the heat equations for two major cases fulfilling the following conditions: i) the sample's absorption coefficient is very small (e.g. ZnSe, GaAs); and ii) the laser intensity is very high. The authors' goal was to provide to experimentalists a thermal model for the laser optical windows thermal behavior like a first approximation for the super strong EU facilities in construction at Bucharest, Budapest and Prague. The restriction to small temperature variations has two advantages: validates the assumption on thermal independence for optical and thermal parameters and the possibility to use the linear heat transfer approximation. We applied the integral transform technique to solve the heat equation. The model is quite accurate for super strong lasers-optical windows interaction. The mathematical formalism described in the present paper is general and could be applied also to optical windows in high vacuum conditions, laser-nano-clusters interaction with radiation, electron or hadrons interaction with matter, etc.

The development of nanocomposite materials based on conducting polymers and carbon nanotubes (CNT) due to their synergistic effect may offer improved performances of the devices used especially in the electrochemical applications. Polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPY) where used to prepare the conducting polymers/CNT nanocomposites. The nature of nitrogen environment was correlated with the performances of nanocomposite modified anode for Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs). The contribution of individual nitrogen type to overall surface concentration was determined using N1s high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The maximum power densities were obtained for MFCs anode modified with PANI-CNT (202.3 mW/m²) vs PPY-CNT (167.8 mW/m²) and CNT (145.2 mW/m²).

Dielectric materials (HfO₂, Al₂O₃, SiO₂ and Ta₂O₅) processed as thin films have been studied extensively for applications in microelectronics, biology, medicine, etc.. In the last decade, antireflection coatings based on these types of materials have received considerable attention for applications in the field of high power laser optics. In this paper we report on multi-layers from materials with low and high refractive indices deposited on quartz substrates by laser ablation. Damage tests performed with a Ti-Sapphire laser (775 nm wavelength, 220 fs pulse duration) evidenced higher threshold values for Hafnia based heterostructures than for the others heterostructures.

The theory of phonon spectra in single- and three-layer anisotropic wurtzite-based nano-heterostructures with binary-ternary compounds is developed using the dielectric continuum Loudon's model. The energy spectra of confined, interface, half-space, and propagating phonons are obtained and analyzed. The ranges where the certain phonon modes exist are established depending on the concentration of the respective element of ternary compound. It is shown that the unique properties of the phonon spectrum in three-layer nano-heterostructure are determined by the specific superposition of phonon spectra in single-layer binary- and ternary-compound subsystems.

In this work, we studied the structure, band gap, particle size, and morphology of the indium-zinc-oxide (IZO) nanocrystalline powders (NCPs) prepared via solid-state method. Materials characterization was performed by using a variety of techniques (XRD, Raman, SEM-EDS, and UV-Vis). The estimated values of the optical band gaps of the obtained IZO NCPs indicated a possibility of their photocatalytic activity under solar irradiation. According to this, the efficiency of the obtained NCPs as photocatalysts in the degradation of alprazolam and amitriptyline, the active components one of the most prescribed psychoactive drugs nowadays, under simulated solar irradiation, was explored.

The specific gamma-ray constant ($\Gamma$) plays a very important role in dose calculations (absorbed dose, equivalent dose). Dose calculations are critical in nuclear medicine / radiotherapy applications, where precise doses must be delivered to patients. As it can be seen in literature, the value of the specific gamma-ray constant is reported only for few radionuclides and usually just for air. Often, it is given only for specific energy values and, therefore, when complex decay scheme radionuclides are used, the scheme factors must be carefully considered. The main issue related to specific gamma-ray constant found in literature is that of the inconsistencies between the values reported for the same radionuclide and for the same conditions. These previously presented aspects highlight the importance of the work presented in this paper. In this paper, the determination of the specific gamma-ray constant by using GEANT4 (Geometry And Tracking) and NIST XCOM (Photon Cross Section Database) is proposed. The determinations were made only for Co-60, which is a radionuclide highly used in radiotherapy practice (cobalt therapy, gamma knife), but the method can be extended to any other radionuclide. Co-60 specific gamma-ray constant values were determined for several materials of high interest in radiation therapy procedures (AIR; WATER; SKIN; SOFT TISSUE; ADIPOSE TISSUE; COMPACT BONE; CORTICAL BONE; SKELETAL MUSCLE; STRIATED MUSCLE; BRAIN; BLOOD; LUNG; EYE LENS; TESTES).

Halide film and thermoluminiscent dosimeters were exposed to the X-ray generator at the following voltages 40 kV, 80 kV, 130 kV and at 0.8 mA and 0.5 mA current intensities. The conventional true dose values were 0.51 ± 0.02 mSv and 1.06 ± 0.06 mSv. Also, the halide film and TLD dosimeters were exposed to the ²⁴¹Am standard source within the 0.10÷10.00 mSv dose range, in order to establish the correction between doses given by X-ray generator and those calculated with the ²⁴¹Am calibration curve. The work pay attention to the halide film dosimeter because its response depends significantly of parameters applied on the X-ray generator. The greatest differences between dose equivalent conventional true values and those calculated by using ²⁴¹Am calibration curve were recorded at low voltage and higher doses and high voltage and lower doses. The ratios between the optical densities recorded on the halide film under plastic and metallic filters of the dosimeter badge show exactly which was the voltage applied during the investigation procedure. The Plastic/Cu 1 mm optical density ratios are between 7÷10 at 40 kV, over 5 at 80 kV and a little over 3 for 130 kV.